Adjectives Declensions
- Second Declension Adjectives
- 2-1-2: Feminine is in the 1st declension; masculine and neuter are in the 2nd declension.
- 2-2-2: Feminine, masculine, and neuter are in the 2nd declension.
- Third Declension Adjectives
- 3-1-3: Feminine is in the 1st declension; masculine and neuter are in the 3nd declension.
- 3-3-3: Feminine, masculine, and neuter are in the 3rd declension.
2-1-2 Adjectives
The feminine follows either of the -η/ης and -α/ας first declension patterns. The masculine and neuter follow the -ος/ου and -ον/ου second declension patterns, respectively.
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1. Instances of the masculine vocative singular:
ἀγαθέ (Mt 25:21,23, Mk 10:17, Lk 18:18, 19:17); ἀγατητέ (3 Jn 1:2,5,11); κενέ (Jas 2:20); κράτιστε (Lk 1:3, Acts 24:3, 26:25); Ναζαρηνέ (Mk 1:24, 4:34); πιστέ (Mt 25:21,23); τυφλέ (Mt 23:26); φίλε (Lk 11:5, 14:10).
2. Instances of the masculine vocative plural:
ἀγατητοί (Rom 12:19, 1 Cor 10:14, 15:58, 2 Cor 7:1, 12:10, Phil 2:12, 4:1, Heb 6:9, Jas 1:16,19, 2:5, 1 Pt 2:11, 4:12, 2 Pt 3:1,8,14,17, 1 Jn 2:7, 3:2,21, 4:1,7,11, Jude 1:3,17,20); τυφλοί (Mt 23:16,17,19,24).
3. Instances of the masculine vocative singular:
ἅγιε (Jn 17:11); γνήσιε (Phil 4:3); δίκαιε (Jn 17:25); ἐχθρέ (Acts 13:10); μωρέ (Mt 5:22); οκνηρέ (Mt 25:26); πονηρέ (Mt 18:32, 25:26, Lk 19:22).
4. Instances of the masculine vocative plural:
ἅγιοι (Heb 3:1); Ἀθηναῖοι (Acts 17:22); Γαλιλαῖοι (Acts 1:11); Ἰουδαῖοι (Acts 2:14, 18:14); μωροί (Mt 23:17); πρεσβύτεροι (Acts 4:8).
Contracting 2-1-2 Adjectives
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Rules of Contraction
| For Nouns | For Verbs |
|---|---|
| ε·η = η | ε·η = η |
| ε·α = α | (no -α endings) |
| ε·ε (no instances) | ε·ε = ει |
| ε·ο = ου | ε·ο = ου |
| ε·ου = ου | ε·ου = ου |
| ε·οι = οι | ε·οι (on instances) |
| ε·ω = ω | ε·ω = ω |
| ο·η = η | ο·η = ω |
| ο·α = α | (no -α endings) |
| ο·ε = ου1 | ο·ε = ου |
| ο·ο = ου | ο·ο = ου |
| ο·ου = ου | ο·ου = ου |
| ο·οι = οι | ο·οι = οι |
| ο·ω = ω | ο·ω = ω |
1. There are no instances of a contracting adjective in the masculine vocative singular; but there is an instance of a contracting noun: Ἰησου (Ἰησο·ε).
2-2-2 Adjectives
The feminine and masculine share the second declension -ος/ου pattern, and are distinct only in the vocative. The neuter follows the -ον/ου second declension pattern.
| Fem | Mas | Neu | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
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ἄθεος -ον ἀθῷος -ον ἀνέλεος -ον ἐγγυος -ον ἔγκυος -ον ὑπήκοος -ον φίλαυτος -ον φιλόθεος -ον | ||||
| Sg | Voc | ος1 | ε2 | ον |
| Nom | ||||
| Acc | ||||
| Dat | ῳ | |||
| Gen | ου | |||
| Pl | Nom|Voc | οι3 | α | |
| Acc | ους | |||
| Dat | οις | |||
| Gen | ων | |||
1. Instances of the feminine vocative singular:
ἄπιστος (Mt 17:17, Mk 9:19).
2. Instances of the masculine vocative singular:
ὀλιγόπιστε (Mt 14:31).
3. Instances of the masculine vocative plural:
ἁμαρτωλοί (Jas 4:8); ἀνόητοι (Lk 24:25, Gal 3:1); ἀπερίτμητοι (Acts 7:51); δίψυχοι (Jas 4:8); ὀλιγόπιστοι (Mt 6:30, 8:26, 16:8, Lk 12:28); σκληροτράχηλοι (Acts 7:51).
3-1-3 Adjectives
The feminine follows either of the -α/ας and -α/ης first declension patterns. The masculine and neuter follow the third declension.
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Note that εἰς and πας, like participles, have a different stem for feminine (μι- and πασ-), than for masculine and neuter (ε[ι]ν- and παντ-).
3-3-3 Adjectives
The feminine, masculine, and neuter are all third declension. The feminine is identical to the masculine.
| Fem | Mas | Neu | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
ἄφρων -ονος -ον τρεῖς τρία τέσσαρες -α ἑκατοντα·πλασίων -ον πολλα·πλασίων -ον | ||||
| Sg | Voc | ?1 | ? | |
| Nom | ς | |||
| Acc | α | |||
| Dat | ι | |||
| Gen | ος | |||
| Pl | Nom|Voc | ες2 | α | |
| Acc | ας | |||
| Dat | σι(ν) | |||
| Gen | ων | |||
1. Instances of the masculine vocative singular:
ἄφρων (Lk 12:20, 1 Cor 15:36).
2. Instances of the masculine vocative plural:
ἄφρονες (Lk 11:40).
Rules of Contraction with σι(ν)
| For Nouns (and Ptcps) | For Verbs |
|---|---|
| β·σ = ψ | β·σ = ψ |
| π·σ = ψ | π·σ = ψ |
| πτ·σ = ψ | |
| φ·σ = ψ | |
| δ·σ = σ | δ·σ = σ |
| θ·σ = σ | θ·σ = σ |
| ν·σ = σ | |
| τ·σ = σ | |
| ντ·σ = σ | |
| γ·σ = ξ | γ·σ = ξ |
| κ·σ = ξ | κ·σ = ξ |
| κτ·σ = ξ | |
| σσ·σ = ξ | |
| χ·σ = ξ | χ·σ = ξ |